Military Use of New Media
The United States military was an early adopter of the widespread use of audio-visual technology in adult education. From 1943 - 1945 it is estimated that the Army Air Force produced more than 400 training films and 600 film strips that were shown to personnel over four million times. After the war the implications of this technology for instructional delivery were summed up by the German Chief of Staff, who admitted that Germany had underestimated the speed at which US troops were trained.
Post-World War II
Educational radio declined during and after World War II. During the war, most audiovisual training mediums were geared toward the war effort. While educational radio was proving not to be a convincing delivery method in education, focus shifted towards television.
Post-World War II
Analog Developments
1950s – 1960s: Development of the transistor and communication satellites.
1960s: CALL (Computer-Assisted Learning Language) is invented.
1960s: CALL (Computer-Assisted Learning Language) is invented.
Multi-Media Distance Education
Correspondence study in the postwar United States was at first used primarily for individual professional education, sometimes derisively called "credentialism," and did not focus on creating communities of learners. Thus, it used existing media and did not start to advance until the 1960s when a new era of instructional technology began.
The new media facilitated a change in nomenclature from "correspondence study" to "distance education" as it integrated broadcast media, cassettes and early computers with print materials.
The new media facilitated a change in nomenclature from "correspondence study" to "distance education" as it integrated broadcast media, cassettes and early computers with print materials.
"Sunrise Semester"
1957
New York University was the first to experiment with offering a course for academic credit through television.
Sunrise Semester was produced by CBS-TV and ran for almost 25 years. The first course was “Comparative Literature 10: From Stendhal to Hemingway,” taught by assistant professor Dr. Floyd Zulli, Jr.
It is reported that 177 students paid $75 for the credit. However, approximately 120,000 watch the show without receiving credit.
http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/sunrise.htm
New York University was the first to experiment with offering a course for academic credit through television.
Sunrise Semester was produced by CBS-TV and ran for almost 25 years. The first course was “Comparative Literature 10: From Stendhal to Hemingway,” taught by assistant professor Dr. Floyd Zulli, Jr.
It is reported that 177 students paid $75 for the credit. However, approximately 120,000 watch the show without receiving credit.
http://www.nyu.edu/library/bobst/research/arch/175/pages/sunrise.htm
FCC creates Instructional Television Fixed Service
1963
The California State University system was the first to use the Instructional Television Fixed Service license to broadcast courses
(Casey, 2008).
The California State University system was the first to use the Instructional Television Fixed Service license to broadcast courses
(Casey, 2008).
Articulated Instructional Media (AIM)
1964
Charles Wedemeyer was a leader in distance education.
His philosophy was the belief in a fundamental right of learning. With this philosophy, he developed the Articulated Instructional Media (AIM) project. AIM was an "experimental prototype for distance education" (Moore, 2009, p. 4). The project integrated television, radio, telephone, and home laboratory kits for a multi-media experience in distance education.
Charles Wedemeyer was a leader in distance education.
His philosophy was the belief in a fundamental right of learning. With this philosophy, he developed the Articulated Instructional Media (AIM) project. AIM was an "experimental prototype for distance education" (Moore, 2009, p. 4). The project integrated television, radio, telephone, and home laboratory kits for a multi-media experience in distance education.
Britain's Open University - University of the Air
1967
The Open University (OU) is founded in Britain for working adults by using multi-media technology. Wedemeyer also played an important role in inspiring the vision of the OU. The school would incorporate television and radio to deliver their lessons. The OU will become the first successful distance education school and inspire other models around the world.
The Open University (OU) is founded in Britain for working adults by using multi-media technology. Wedemeyer also played an important role in inspiring the vision of the OU. The school would incorporate television and radio to deliver their lessons. The OU will become the first successful distance education school and inspire other models around the world.
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
President Johnson on signing the act:
"It announces to the world that our Nation wants more than just material wealth; our Nation wants more than a "chicken in every pot." We in America have an appetite for excellence, too.
While we work every day to produce new goods and to create new wealth, we want most of all to enrich man's spirit. That is the purpose of this act.
It will give a wider and, I think, stronger voice to educational radio and television by providing new funds for broadcast facilities. It will launch a major study of television's use in the Nation's classrooms and their potential use throughout the world.
Finally--and most important--it builds a new institution: the Corporation for Public Broadcasting."
"It announces to the world that our Nation wants more than just material wealth; our Nation wants more than a "chicken in every pot." We in America have an appetite for excellence, too.
While we work every day to produce new goods and to create new wealth, we want most of all to enrich man's spirit. That is the purpose of this act.
It will give a wider and, I think, stronger voice to educational radio and television by providing new funds for broadcast facilities. It will launch a major study of television's use in the Nation's classrooms and their potential use throughout the world.
Finally--and most important--it builds a new institution: the Corporation for Public Broadcasting."